Overview of Dubnium Facts and Physical Properties

Dubnium is a radioactive synthetic element. Here are interesting facts about this element and a summary of its chemical and physical properties. Interesting Dubnium Facts Dubnium is named for the town in Russia where it was first made, Dubna. It may only be produced in a nuclear facility. Dubnium does not exist naturally on Earth.The element dubnium was the subject of a naming controversy. The Russian discovery team (1969) proposed the name  nielsbohrium  (Ns) in honor of the Danish nuclear physicist Niels Bohr. In 1970, an American team made the element by bombarding californium-239 with nitrogen-15 atoms. They proposed the name hahnium (Ha), to honor the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Otto Hahn. The IUPAC determined the two labs should share credit for the discovery because their results supported each others validity, using different methods to create the element. The IUPAC assigned the name  unnilpentium for element 105 until a naming decision could be reached. It wasnt until 1997 it was decided the element should be named Dubnium (Db) for the Dubna research facility -- the location where the element was initially synthesized.Dubnium is a super -heavy or transactinide element. If a sufficient amount were ever produced, its chemical properties are expected to be similar to that of the transition metals. It would be most similar to the element tantalum.Dubnium was first made by bombarding americium-243 with neon-22 atoms.All isotopes of dubnium are radioactive. The most stable one has a half-life of  28 hours.Only a few atoms of dubnium have ever been produced. At present, little is known about its properties and it has no practical uses. Dubnium or Db Chemical and Physical Properties Element Name: Dubnium Atomic Number: 105 Symbol: Db Atomic Weight: (262) Discovery: A. Ghiorso, et al, L Berkeley Lab, USA - G.N. Flerov, Dubna Lab, Russia 1967 Discovery Date: 1967 (USSR); 1970 (United States) Electron Configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 Element Classification: Transition Metal Crystal Structure: body-centered cubic Name Origin: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna Appearance: Radioactive, synthetic metal References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay - 1077 Words

Differentiating between Market Structures The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. The author of this paper will cover: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand identified in the simulation, the effectiveness of the organization in which the author knows, and how the organizations in each market structure maximizes profits. The simulation looks at all four types of market structure within the East-West Transportation Company. The four divisions operate within each of the four market structures. The divisions are Consumer Goods, Coal, Chemical†¦show more content†¦The Forest Product Division operates in the monopolistic competition market structure. A firm operating in monopolistic competition faces a downward sloping demand curve (University of Phoenix, 2008). The effectiveness of Staples Staples operates in the monopolistic competition. Staples carries many different brands and items within the store. Staples, unlike many monopolistic competition companies are concerned about what the major local competition is doing with their prices. Staples hires an outside company to check the different prices on items that they all carry alike, and then they decide to adjust their price accordingly to the research. Since Staples operates in the monopolistic competition, the demand curve faces in a downward slope. The downward – sloping demand curve means that in making decisions about output, the monopolistic competitor will use a marginal revenue curve that is below price. At its profit-maximizing output, marginal cost will be less than price (The McGraw-Hill, 2004). In the monopolistic competition market structure the competition implies zero economic profit in the long run. 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Learner-Center Educational Plan Free Essays

string(80) " the opportunity to ask any questions and familiarize themselves with the work\." With abundance of information regarding teaching and learning, it might reasonably be expected that education planning would be a quick and easy process. Teachers still have a vital role to play within planning; the guidance and frameworks provides information on what to teach, the teacher will decide how best to interpret this information for the particular children within their class. Proctor et al (1995, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learner-Center Educational Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now 39) discusses the requirement for planning, and opens with the idea that no planning can take place without a clear idea, on the part of the teacher, of what the children in the class are going to learn. The planning process requires the identification of the learning objectives in detail; in reality, meeting the criteria of the curriculum and even the more detailed key objectives in the teaching strategy will require a series of lessons and usually a return to the subject at a later date. Planning over different time frames allows teachers to meet the desired outcomes and provide a coherent progression. Long term plans will detail the expectations within a curriculum area over an academic year; these plans will identify themes to be used and the subject areas to be covered they will be expressed in terms of the key concepts that children will need to understand and the knowledge and skills that they should be acquiring. Medium term planning will usually be for a unit of work – generally one item from the program of study – and cover a term or  ½ term. The medium term planning phase is when teachers are required to link the long-term plans to the curriculum key objectives. The medium term plans will outline a series of activities and the approach that is to be taken; these plans are the first level at which the teaching/learning approach is considered and the methods and criterion for assessment are decided. (Platz 1994) There is need to consider the different learning styles that children prefer and to include (as far as is practical) these different styles within each teaching episode. Education planning, is a complex area, not all teaching methods are appropriate to the subject matter; we as teachers need to remember that an eclectic approach is necessary if we are to provide an adequate learning experience for all of the pupils within our classrooms. Additionally, new paradigm of learner-centered education emerged recently. It implies issues of what and how the student is learning, the conditions under which the student is learning, how current learning positions the student for future learning, and whether the student is retaining and applying the learning. (Weimer, 2002 XVI).   In this paper we will try to cover up a cognitive aspect of learner-center education planning. Cognitive aspect of learner-centered education involves some following factors. These are the nature and goals of learning process, the construction of knowledge and higher-order thinking. In order to identify children’s individual learning needs the teacher should observe the children and their work. Factual information can be obtained from previous teachers, schools etc. The Standard Assessment Tasks (SATs) provide essential information about the level of attainment a child has reached and may possibly show levels of progression over time. According to Proctor et al (1995 p.129) assessment provides an accurate picture of an individual child’s achievements. It measures a child’s achievements from that child’s own baseline and as it is non-comparative to other children it shows what a child is able to achieve regardless of what other’s can do. Individual Educational Plans (IEPs) show evidence of any special needs, which may be physical such as poor sight and hearing and any learning difficulties. It will also identify children who have behavioral problems or particularly able and gifted children. IEPs will also show any strategies and teaching approaches used to meet these children’s needs. It can also highlight any particular resources that facilitate the children’s learning. A previous teacher can provide valuable information on how these strategies and resources were employed and the success or failure of them. It is important to keep in mind when discussing children with other teachers that their views and opinions are unlikely to be impartial. Conversations with parents/carers allow them to raise any issues they have about their interpretations of their children’s needs and progress in learning. It can also be useful to look at children’s ages to gain a better understanding of the level they are working at. Once this preliminary information has been collected the teacher can plan diagnostic work, which will further identify children’s abilities and needs. Teachers should plan broad topic work at a variety of levels where children have a reasonable opportunity of success and which provides some challenges. The teacher’s prior knowledge of the children should enable him/her to pitch the work at the correct levels. If not, the assessment of the children’s difficulties or ease will provide clues as to how to alter it. From this point onwards the teacher should have a fairly coherent idea of the needs of the class as a whole and the individual children within it. (Hamilton 1999) When planning to meet children’s individual needs, a teacher is planning for inclusive education, which provides all children with an equal opportunity to reach their potential.   While planning, teachers must set up a learning activity, which effectively achieves the learning outcomes for each individual child. Teachers must structure learning within their classrooms in order to move each child forward, this can include differentiating appropriately, using appropriate resources and implementing various teaching and learning strategies inclusive of all children. Teaching Strategies Education planning will use a variety of strategies described by Minton (1997, p.117). It is appropriate to use ‘lecture’ to begin the session to explain what is to be covered, to find out how the students have found the work in the previous session so there will be some ‘questions and answers’. There will be a ‘group discussion’ as we go through the assignment and this will give the students the opportunity to ask any questions and familiarize themselves with the work. You read "Learner-Center Educational Plan" in category "Essay examples" A ‘question and answer’ session will follow and then depending on the outcome, there be the opportunity for ‘demonstrations’. These strategies are outlined below.  §   Question and answer to review work from last lesson  §   Lecture to explain unit assessment  §   Group discussion while criteria for assessment are discussed  §   More question and answers as appropriate  §   Demonstration of previous practical work if necessary Using Q and A to start the lesson as this gives an immediate feedback of progress. The disadvantage of this is that the ‘quiet’ students may be reluctant to ask questions, There is need to be aware of this, and perhaps ask those students questions that they can answer to build up their confidence. A lecture strategy is then used to explain the unit assignment, as this is an effective method of broadcasting the information. Then a group discussion will involve teacher and students discussing criteria, this allows everyone to ask questions and give opinions but it may allow ‘loud’ students to dominate the group. Certain time to demonstrate practical work to the students on the computer allows the student to see what the final product should be of any particular exercise and gives them confidence in their own work. Learning Resources For IT classes, for example, a variety of resources are used in the high school. The most common ones used in the IT department are computer-based resources, OHT’s and computer generated slides, and printed materials. The most common types of media resource are the PC/projector combination and printed materials, to accompany whiteboard work. In the IT department it is critical that students have individual access to PCs with relevant software installed on them, and also access to a printer to enable them to obtain hard copies of work produced. There is need for a room to seat all students, we do not need PCs for each student in this case, we need them all to see a whiteboard so we can explain the topic we will supply unit assignments in hard copy to every student, including the marking criteria and the moderator’s comments. It is becoming common practice to write all forms of work on the PC, and we would expect them to word process their work whenever the facility is available. There is need to evaluate the group of students at the beginning of a course to determine if any had special requirements, for example disabled access or if any had hearing or visual impairments. It is necessary to develop intranet to include study aids for the students. For example, to put previous lecture notes and practical exercise handouts on the intranet to enable students to go over past work and also allow absent students the opportunity to catch up. Arrangement of the desks in the classroom is a common horseshoe of computer workstations with a small number of tables in the center of the room. The central tables can be moved freely although this is a suitable position for the classroom discussion. The computer workstations will be used towards the end of the lesson. The white board is at the door end of the room, it is a new smart board, and although is smaller, it can be seen from all positions in the room, if the students move their chairs round. This will be used for demonstrations of PC work and is available for the question and answer section. The acoustics are adequate for a teaching environment. The room is always light and warm enough, and windows can be opened to provide additional ventilation. Goals of learning process On reflection, education planning goals are following: Timing · Allow enough time for each phase. Be aware of how long it takes to complete tasks and allow some leeway in each lesson for dealing with any class management issue. Be wary of being overambitious in what can be achieved in a lesson. Allow enough time for discussion and be aware of allowing too much time for starter and plenary activities. Content · Teacher should not try to cram too much in – don’t fall into the trap of thinking ‘one topic per lesson’ and be prepared to spend more than one lesson on a topic When to collect in/hand out homework · Have a clear idea of when you are going to do this and how. Keep it consistent so the pupils know when to make a note in their contact diaries, and when to hand their homework into me, and allow time for this to be done. Differentiation.   Although there has been minimal need for differentiation in teaching particular class, teacher should be aware that other classes might require more differentiation and he should always ensure that lessons are tailored to the class he teaching. Pupil-led activities.   Make sure to include enough pupil-led activities. Remember that these types of activities not only engage learning but are also very useful in settling a lively class. Strengths Planning lessons around the five different phases of a lesson, using starter and plenary activities. This enables to focus on the different stages of a lesson and therefore how best to achieve the learning objectives as well as concentrating on what either myself as teacher, or the class or individuals should be engaged in at any point during the lesson. However, flexibility is also a key factor in delivering effective lessons and it is able to adapt the lesson plan (for example by omitting certain overheads or allowing more time for discussion of a topic) to accommodate the learning. Being creative. This a useful skill in planning and meant that it is appropriate to present what is for most pupils a familiar topic in a new and interesting way, therefore engaging more higher order thinking and facilitating learning (and minimizing disruptive behavior) at the same time. Being able to plan around what resources are available. This to a certain extent is also a creative skill although it must be taken into account when planning a series of lessons. Linking lessons with each other and with the pupils experiences. Using everyday examples, images that the pupils can relate to, and referring back to the concept map of the whole picture at every lesson enabled the pupils to put their learning (and the objectives for each lesson) in context. If the pupils can relate to what you are teaching them, you are more likely to succeed in your learning objectives. Weaknesses Overestimating what can be achieved in a lesson. Certainly to begin with, underestimated how long it would take to complete a worksheet or copy something from the board. In addition, it had not taken into account during first lesson plan, the time that would be spent on dealing with minor off-task behavior which can lead to you running five minutes late by the end of the lesson and therefore running out of time for the clearing and exit phases, which for example can mean you run out of time to explain the homework task properly. Spending too much time on one phase. The pupils enjoyed this so much that they would ‘plead’ for another round and on more than one occasion complied, meaning that although the pupils had a ‘great’ time, teacher run out of time to handle the clearing and exit phases as well as he should and the lessons ended a bit ‘rushed’. This is as a ‘new’ teacher who was anxious to ensure that the pupils viewed my lessons as a ‘positive’ experience References: Hamilton, P. J. (Fall 1999). Perceptual learning lifelong Montessori. Montessori Life, 11(4), 41-42. Minton, D. (1997) Teaching skills in further and adult education 2nd edition, Macmillan Proctor, A. Entwistle, M. McKenzie-Murdoch, S. (2001) â€Å"Learning to Teach in the Primary Classroom† London : Routledge Platz, Donald L., (March, 1994)   Student directed planning: fostering student ownership in learning. Education, 3 Weimer, Maryellen. (2002) Learner-centered Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice. Jossey-Bass How to cite Learner-Center Educational Plan, Essay examples

Data Base Management System Encryption Technique

Question: Discuss about a Report of Data Base Management System for Encryption Technique? Answer: Data base management system Database management system is the process to manage the data is a system. Database is the collection of related data and that can be manage is a procedural way. Data are represent in a recordable fact. Database manage system is a way to store the data is a process that becomes very easier to retrieve, manipulate and information. Relational database management system Relational Database management system is the process to manage the data is a system. Database is the collection of related data and that can be manage is a procedural way. Data are represent in a recordable fact. Database manage system is a way to store the data is a process that becomes very easier to retrieve, manipulate and information. Database Management System is the appropriate tool for this project. According to many theories database manage system can manipulate with huge data which are keep secured by it s own encryption techniques. A database have many option like integrity, integrity stand for a unique data in a database. That means one recorded will store uniquely in the database. The data base manage system have an option to fiend to appropriate filed without wasting time. This field will find by ms-access or SQl quarry. Database Management System was developed as a Relational Database. Relational database management system implements many new futures like a forging key. A forging key is a primary key of a table which is also related to another relation. Database Query is and discuss briefly the five queries that were developed for this project. insert delete update max count Database Form is and discuss briefly the two forms that were developed for this project. its helps the database to grater information in a system that help to view data easily. What a Database Report is and discuss briefly the report that was developed for this project. According to many theories database manage system can manipulate with huge data which are keep secured by it s own encryption techniques. A database have many option like integrity, integrity stand for a unique data in a database. That means one recorded will store uniquely in the database. The data base manage system have an option to fiend to appropriate filed without wasting time. This field will find by ms-access or SQl quarry.

Amazon has it going on! Essays - Amazon.com, Cloud Infrastructure

Amazon has it going on! Essays - Amazon.com, Cloud Infrastructure Amazon has it going on! April Page, Ian Keane, Luis Wiley, Christine Camacho Lehman, Alma Molina and Nathan Cook BIS 320 August 16, 2015 Buying books online has become popular over the years. So popular that it has started to deplete the existence of local bookstores. Online bookstores such as Amazon are right at your fingertips. Amazon has connected with customers all around the world through the use of internet technology and social media. When you go into a local bookstore, do they offer you customer reviews on the book of your choosing? Do bookstores offer you a list of other books you may be interested in based on your selected choice that day? Do you prefer the feel of a book in your hand or light and compact? Amazon has both to offer as they have introduced e-readers such as Kindle, Kindle fire, and kindle touch. Technology has come a long way, and Amazon is doing everything possible to attract customers attention. Hardware, software, databases and data communications Amazon may not have become the household name that it is without the massive technology driving it. In 2005, Amazon had the three largest Linux databases in the world. Running Oracle 9i database software, the Amazon data warehouse contained 28 Hewlett-Packard servers with four CPUs per node (Layton, 2006). The company expanded rapidly and in 2011, Amazon acquired additional data center sites in Oregon, Northern Virginia, and Ireland. At Amazon Technology Day in 2011, Amazon revealed its plans to expand to an 8-megawatt data center to include 46,000 servers. The company also introduced their Amazon Perdix, a modular data center with vents for cooling management and named after a mythological Greek character known for inventing useful tools (Miller, 2011). The data warehouse is divided by function- historical data, query, and ETL (extract, transform, and load). Their systems carry out millions of back-end operations on a daily basis. Ten years ago, The query servers (24.7 TB capacity) contain 15 TB of raw data in 2005; the click history servers (18.5 TB capacity) hold 14 TB of raw data, and the ETL cluster (7.8 TB capacity) contains 5 TB of raw data. Amazon's technology architecture handles millions of back-end operations every day as well as queries from more than half a million third-party sellers (Layton, 2006). AWS (Amazon Web Services) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) are the two main systems utilized by Amazon.com. Amazons data warehouse is the fastest-growing Amazon Web Services service, allowing companies to transfer data from hardware systems to the cloud (Barlas, 2013). AWS allows sellers who rent the space to build their web-based applications by using the same e-commerce platform as Amazon. In a manner that allows them to manage their customer information as well as gather data in a manner that is cost efficient and reliable. S3, on the other hand, is used primarily to keep and receive data. With the use of Netscape Secure Commerce Server, Amazon stores all credit card information in a separate database that is not the internet accessible and thereby preventing hackers from accessing customers financial information. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is the mainframe of Amazons information system. "Amazon is able to vary its business models easily, because the system is a comprehensive, and decentralized service platform that helps the company sustain its advantage in the industry because of its high performance and scalability" (Koymen, 2012). Smart Analytic Search (SAS), built by Amazon.com, is a system that detects and decreases the possibility of fraud. Additionally, the system is designed to measure and analyze customer data to determine how well they are serving the clientele (Koymen, 2012). With the implementation of SAS, Amazon sets itself apart from the competition in that it leverages the data to make the customer service experience pleasant and user-friendly. In order for interactions to feel individualized and human, they must be well informed. That makes data about the customer youre talking to right now the most useful data of all (Madden, 2012). Internet technologies, collaboration tools, and security In world full of technology and advances, Amazon has led the sales of eBooks since the end of 2014 according to Forbes.com, The proportion of all books sold in the U.S. that are Kindle titles. E-books now make

Police and Discretion Essay Example

Police and Discretion Essay Example Police and Discretion Essay Police and Discretion Essay Police Discretion Police discretion is freedom or the power of state officers to exercise various alternative actions towards a person. A police officer may choose to give a warning, issue a ticket of violation or arrest an offender. Not all circumstances allow police to have discretion. According to a research by Carrington and Schulenber (2004), various factors affect police discretion. These factors include the seriousness and the nature of the crime, prior contacts with the police, injury to the victim, presence of a weapon, the relationship between the victim and the apprehended youth, group crime, age, and sex (Carrington Schulenber, 2004). They found out that the police charged 86 percent of the youths found in robbery case, murder among other serious crimes. External and  internal  mechanisms that affect police discretion One of the mechanisms that  influence  police discretion is the lack of consensuses on what criminal behaviors the police should exercise  discretion. First, there are no clear legal definitions of the offenses where  discretion  will apply. The  community  may not be able to  interpret  the laws in the same way as the legislatures. Secondly, there are no laws within the police force to  control  use of police discretion. Police exercise  discretion  differently. Apart from these factors, legal measures also affected police discretion. Thirdly, the close interaction between communities and the police influence  discretion. This allows for corruption within the police force. Solutions to improving police discretion It is not possible to eliminate police discretion. The best way to improve police discretion is the use of controlling mechanisms. Such  include  implementation of laws, policies and procedures on the use of discretion. The  establishment  and implementing of the Youth Offenders Act has influenced police discretion (Bergen, 2005). The Act has profoundly regulated police discretion. Secondly, there is a need to  establish  legislature on â€Å"zero tolerance offenses† Strict measures regarding the use of firearms by the police should be enacted. According to Bergen, further  promotion  an  education  of the police will  improve  police discretion. Curbing corruption among the police officers is  necessary  in regulating police  freedom.

User Satisfaction about Mobile Phone Network in the East Midland Area Literature review

User Satisfaction about Mobile Phone Network in the East Midland Area of the UK - Literature review Example User Satisfaction about Mobile Phone Network in the East Midland Area of the UK As a result of this, increased users are able to have access to the radio bandwidth in increased numbers. Nowadays, calls using mobile phones can be made in wider areas. Users of a particular service do not own the base stations and use the mobile phone inside a private base station’s range. There are hundreds of mobile phone networks in the East Midland area of UK. This has created a lot of competition for the new and emerging companies that want to establish their business in East Midland, UK. In order to gain competitive advantage, companies need to identify and improve their performance in the criteria according to which the users evaluate their performance. The area of East Midlands includes Derbyshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, and Lincolnshire. There is a broad range of mobile phone networks functioning in the area that include but are not limited to Tesco Mobile, Pro Park UK, G S M International, CBS Mobiles Ltd., A1 Comms, 02 Store, A ce Connections, CRC Ltd., M-Viron, Fone Bitz Ltd., T-Mobile, Car-fi and M B C. Many of these are well-reputed companies that are known for the quality of their service far and wide. There is a vast range of mobile phone networks in UK that provide the users with a broad array of services and deals. Generally, all networks provide their users with good services, though there is disparity between the quality of customer service given by different mobile phone networks.... Millions of users in the area are quite satisfied with the service provided by Vodafone in East Midlands UK. â€Å"Switching to Vodafone was the best thing I did, my monthly costs were reduced considerably and as a bonus Vodafone switched my contract from Vodafone 250 to Vodafone 500 after a month of use† (Ciao, 2011a). From a top up card, users of the Orange SIM can put up to ?50 to use. SMS charges in the ?50 top up service are up to 60% lesser as compared to most of the mobile networks in the East Midlands. O2 Store has been providing the users with excellent service in East Midlands, UK for many years. One of the users said, â€Å"...people who don't like the O2 network, making claims that they are unreliable and over charge but to be honest I couldn't ask for more. Let me tell you why I chose O2 as my network and why I will be a customer for life† (Ciao, 2011b). Some of the potential advantages that O2 offers in comparison to its competitors in the East Midlands, U K include cheap rates and frequent offers, wonderful and 24/7 online customer service and broad coverage, though O2 turns out to be costly when it has to be used abroad. T-Mobile is one of the strongest competitors among the mobile phone networks in East Midland, UK. Advantages offered by T-Mobile over other networks include good relations with customers and good price plans whereas the disadvantages include lesser secrecy in the release of phones and limited number of customer service agents. T-Mobile is recommended by up to 47 per cent of the users (Ciao, 2011c). Nevertheless, T-Mobile provides users with one of the cheapest services in the area. Users of the T-Mobile can receive free insurance for three months, free phone with connection and free of cost voicemail retrial for no more than

Markets As A Form Of Production, Use And Consumption.The Meaning Of Article

Markets As A Form Of Production, Use And Consumption.The Meaning Of Property And Water Rights - Article Example This much is seen as acceptable to most theorists and economists, but the motive behind the marketing function is not. Adam Smith, considered to be the father of modern economics, stresses that division of labor which is characteristic of a reasonably large market has come about due to the propensity of man to barter excess goods in exchange for other commodities which he needed for his family needs. He adds that man is motivated by the element of profit in marketing and that the price fixed for a commodity should essentially have a margin over and above the input costs of labor and rent. According to him, "the whole price of any commodity must still finally resolve itself into some one or other or all of these three parts; as whatever part of remains after paying the rent of the land, and the price of the whole labor employed in raising, manufacturing, and bringing it to market, must necessarily be profit to someone" (Smith 22). Smith goes on to argue that this propensity for barter ing and profit will best be supported by a free market economy. Economists over the years have subscribed or gone against this view. But here again, only very few have really contradicted Smith's views on bartering and profit. Marx stated that such a situation will result in greed and eventual exploitation of workers. But two prominent writers namely Karl Polanyi and Robert Heilbroner vehemently argue that a study of history of markets around the world, even in the famous ancient kingdoms goes against the view of Smith with regard to marketing and bartering. The views of these two writers will be analyzed to review the distinguishing features of the new market economy in comparison with earlier market systems followed. The paper also tries to make a comparative study between Donald Worster's view on water as a commodity and Marx's own views. Polanyi had definitive views on marketing motivations and customs regarding the evolution of marketing and states that the views of other theorists on this area were erroneous in a number of areas. As an economist, Polanyi is known for his substantivist approach, a situation where the marketing function was closely aligned with culture, social practices and beliefs of a particular community. The author states that "to start with, we must discard some nineteenth century prejudices that underlay Adam Smith's hypothesis about primitive man's alleged predilection for gainful occupations" (Polanyi 45). He goes on to argue that the current market environment is of recent origin and that most of Europe followed the same standards and sophistication carried on from over the centuries with very little change. To substantiate this, he studies various civilizations and societies from a variety of periods and regions and provides specific examples. In essence marketing has a social function base d on survival and growth of the society rather than for individual gain. Polanyi agrees to the fact that a marketing function is essential in organized societies, but its aim is for overall benefit and growth. A person is expected to share his surplus commodities, whether it is an agricultural or animal product. This generosity will enhance his position in the society. Its benefits are not immediate, but will only come at a later stage, when others respond to this generosity by helping him out with his needs of the time. There are two ways in which this can happen. It can come from individual or common reciprocation. In other words, a particular individual who has benefited from an act of generosity will respond when in a position to reciprocate. The society will also have a common store of products which is

Contemporary Organisational Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary Organisational Theory - Assignment Example nsion felt in 24 nations in the world, signifying the complexities required for the management of such organisation, it has defiled the conventional methods adopted by organisations with the same complexities. The system adopted by Gore sought to deviate from the conventional methods of management. The concept was based on theory Y, which sought to build human relation. The theory assumes that people get motivation within self. When one is self-motivated, they become anxious to identify solutions for different problems. Besides, the theory ascribes that such individuals have the potential of working together in tasks without jeopardising the peace in the work environment. The method used by Bill and Vieve limited the number of employees for every given plant facility. For instance, they believe that 200 associates are appropriate for the model because it encourage the development of interpersonal trust. The two believes that if the number is exceeded, the productivity is likely to decline. They solved the problem by ensuring that every time the number is reached they opened a new facility instead of expanding. The concept of a limited number of employees is based on the anthropological concepts developed by Robin Dunbar. The concept asserts that social groupings correlates with the size that human can manage. Cases of complex social relations are not appropriate when encouraging human relationship. The number of people each employee can relate with was estimated to be 148 according to Dunbar. The new associates were given mentors who guided them and carried them through the units in the organisation to identify areas that match with their skills and talents. The approach is unique because it enables new entrance to identify areas within the organisation that matches with their preferences and hence improves their output. These strategies are unique because most organisations have right job descriptions used for employing new people based on the items listed in the

Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay

Should Juvenile Offenders Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay In todays society, there are many crimes going on. Adults are not the only ones that commit crimes. One issue today is that juvenile offenses and whether juvenile offenders should be tried as adults in criminal court. A common phrase that is often used in this case of young juveniles committing crimes is Old enough to do the crime, old enough to do the time. This phrase should be cleared to people that juveniles are not adults, and with this being said it will not make them one. It has redefined juvenile offenses by treating most of them as delinquent acts to be adjudicated within a separate juvenile justice system that is theoretically designed to recognize the special needs and immature status of young people and emphasize rehabilitation over punishment (Steinberg). While juveniles should be responsible for their actions, and should be held accountable for the crime, then the juvenile justice system is design to determine the consequences. Youths are still minors and are less matur e. They often face a lot of negative peer pressure. Therefore, juveniles should not be tried in courts as adults. Even though the justice system knows perfectly well that most juveniles offenders are too young to truly understand the consequences of their actions, many juveniles are still transferred to adult courts for case hearing. A juvenile offender is someone who is too young to be tried as an adult. For instance, if a eighteen year old boy is charged as an adult with a killing of another boy, then he will be condemn to serve his sentence in an adult jail. This boy could have the mind of a younger person but he still will be placed with the adults because by law he is an adult. Just because someone is eighteen years old that does not make them an adult. An adult is considered to be someone who has reached eighteen years old by law, but some people do not have the quality that makes an adult. Adults know how to accept responsibility, have plans for the future and is financially independent. Adults generally know right from wrong just like how children do, but they know what can cause them to go to jail and what cannot. Jewish youth are declared adults in the eyes of their religion when they turn thirteen (New York Times Upfront). The age that someone is considered an adult can vary from city and based on their religion. Being considered an adult can be pretty harsh. When juvenile is sent to adult jails where he/she has an adult cell mate, then they could be badly influence. Juveniles and adults being cellmates can cause the juvenile to get into more trouble. Adults will take advantage of them and put the youth up to do things they are not suppose to do. Juveniles will not be able to mature properly because the cell mate is not on his/her age group. Rather than the juveniles being sent to a rehabilitation center where he/she would have had the companion of other children who care in similar position, and could thus be educated in interest. The purpose juveniles should go to the juvenile court because it is a treatment and guidance rather than punishment (Cliff Notes). By placing juveniles offenders in a place that was made for adults can take a toile on them. Although juveniles may know right from wrong, immaturity should be a reason for them not to be tried as adults. With that being said juveniles being charged with minor crimes should not have to go to a rehabilitation center nor jail. Criminal crime by juveniles should still be taken to juvenile justice system because they young children may be going through the stage of immaturity or negative peer pressure. Despite the severity of the crime juveniles are still children and are not developed with maturity quit yet. Holding teenagers responsible for themselves is not unique to our justice system (New York Times Upfront). Also, a rehabilitation institution has an advantage to adults prison in terms of their effect on the juvenile. When a juvenile is sent to juvenile court the main focus is what they may be able to do to rehabilitate the teen. Being that it is a teen committing a crime they called it a delinquent act rather than a criminal offense. A criminal offense can make things worse than compared to delinquent act. Although most juveniles go to rehabilitation centers they do have juvenile prisons in many states and other places they can be sent instead of a rehabilitation center. It has been found that changing the social environment in which juveniles live is a more effective way to reduce violence than punishing juvenile offenders in adult courts( CliffNotes). If the youth has been to the adult criminal court instead of the juvenile court, then they will not have the right to go to a rehabilitation institution. Juveniles who commit serious crimes are being punished for their actions, but the possible solution to juveniles crime would be rehabilitation. By them going to this institution it can help them become more of a positive person inside and out. It is cleared that older adults and children are totally not similar, so they should be treated accordingly. If they are at a rehabilitated institution they are more successful in willing to learn. As said in the article by Cliff Notes , While the denial of full constitution rights for juveniles is sometime a problem, the juvenile courts mission is benevolence- serve the best interest of children ( CliffNotes, ). So by the juveniles going to a rehabilitation institution it can be better for them. It can help better them in so many ways. Ways they can better themselves: having the right of still being able to get an education, they could possibly have a job, they will not be influence by people if so then it would be peer pressure, be around people thats around their age group so they can better relate. Being that they are teenagers they are still getting used to the surrounding so they will make mistakes regardless. When they make mistakes and are sent to a rehabilitation institution they will not have to deal with a whole lot of bullying by peers. There is something that is called a waiver. A waiver is something for juveniles who have committed serious offenses and the court waived them from a juvenile court to an adult court (Aaron Larson). Sometimes juveniles have to get mandatory waivers where they will be tried as adults. Some people may say a certain juvenile victim may need to go to the adult jail because of the crime committed and the adults can tortured them, but not too harshly. They may say this because if the child is that bad off then they could bring a lot of negative behavior in the rehabilitation institution. It should not be that way because every teenager has their times of displaying terrible behavior. Although they may not act accordingly at times they are still children. So therefore the rehabilitation will be the right place for them. The rehab is designed the help the juveniles become better positive young people. If they give the juvenile a chance then maybe it will work for them instead of just wanting to send them to the adult jail. Every household should have morals for their family. Just because a family has morals it does not mean that when teens get around their peers that they will not act a different way from home. Some families do not raise their children with morals. A lack of human morals cannot be treated or cured in rehabilitation centers. Some things have to start from home to help guide children the right way. If children do not have no guidance when they get around their peers it will be very easy to influence them, they will often find themselves following the crowd, and even doing bad things to get attention. If a teen does something and they have to go to court and end up at a rehabilitation center but does not display morals then it is a possible change that, that child will always be out of control. New York Times Upfront states trying juveniles as adults sends a clear message that crimes such as murder, rape, and assault will not be tolerated and that perpetrators must accept the consequences of their actions. Agreeing with this because if a juvenile commits one of these crimes and just have to attend a rehabilitation center for a couple of months or years, then if they are more of a rough neck juvenile with no morals they can come home and continue to do the same things. So that then makes courts systems wonder if it is a good idea to have juveniles go to a rehabilitation center with crimes like these. Some teens have the maturity and judgment to make reasoned decisions. All juvenile are not mature and can make wise decisions just as well make bad ones. Many young people get drivers licenses before they turn eighteen (New York Times). The way youths use their thinking skills to drive a vehicle they could do the same before getting involved in criminal behavior. When juveniles commit crimes it does not guarantee when they become an adult their records will be sealed. These just vary from state to state. It can also be based upon the crime committed. If a juvenile has a sex offender charger then they would have to register as a sex offender, no matter what age they are for the rest of their life. Stated by Aaron Larson In some states which automatically seal a juveniles record once he/ she passes a certain age, that record may remain unsealed if the defendant is convicted of an adult offenses before he reaches that age.

Stepfamilies and Divroce Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Money, frequently cited as the biggest source of stress in family life, is often an even more challenging matter for members of stepfamilies† Statistically, in our world today, half of all marriages will end in divorce. About fifty-percent of our population will also live in a stepfamily environment. In other words, more than half of the American families today, are now or eventually will be in involved in one or more stepfamily situations during their life according to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1990. The â€Å"U.S. Bureau decided to discontinue providing estimates of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, except for those that are available from our current census. Thus many of our current estimates were derived from the 1990 census and earlier sources† (Step Family Fact Sheet, 1). Therefore the exact statistics in regards to stepfamilies today may be more or less from the estimated fifty- percent. Stepfamilies nowadays consist of many family members and are very complex. â€Å"Today’s stepfamily consists of you, me, your kids, my kids, our kids, your ex’es, my ex’es, even our ex’es new mates, and all the kin of these various folks. Stepfamilies give a new meaning to the concept of complex family relationships† (Hildebrand, 255). For that reason, the interactions within this family unit can be complicated and uncomfortable. There are many changes, positive and/or negative, that stepfamilies try to adapt to. For instance, adults take on new parenting roles and children take on new roles as well, such as a new stepparent or sibling. The parents and/or children may be required to relocate into a completely different house in a completely new neighborhood or city, which leads to separation issues with their nuclear family. With all these issues at hand it is obvious that this can be very stressful for everyone. Even more, this causes even more str esses, such as money. An ecological factor such as economics can have a huge impact on stepfamilies. This means financial decisions within a stepfamily have more people contributing to economic decisions. In turn, this can lead to more rules, emotions, and financial wishes and requests. When a couple decides to marry, especially for their second, third, or fourth time, it only brings in past experiences into the picture. Both spouses in the stepfamily most likely are in the work force as well. This also leads to the assumption th... ...ely on each other, and all members of a stepfamily adapt to rely on each other. As the entire family is going through change. In conclusion, money is powerful in our society and always has been throughout history. Therefore money has a major impact on families and research show’s that it may even have a larger impact on stepfamilies. References Clark, Janet A., Leigh, Sharon. Financial Decision Making in Stepfamilies. Retrieved from http://www.muextension.missori.edu/xplor/hesguide/ humanrel/gh6603.htm Facts and FAQ’s- Stepfamily Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.saafamilies.org/faqs/index.htm Fletcher, N. Cynthia, (1992). Living in Stepfamilies: Making Financial Decisions. Iowa State University. Hildebrand, Verna (2000). Knowing and Serving Diverse Families (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. Klein, David M., White, James M.(1996). Family Theories. Pill, Cynthia J.(1990). Stepfamilies: Redefining the Family. Family Relations, 39, 2, 186-201. Stepfamilies: Meeting Challenges and Building Strengths (1995). Research Review. Retrieved from http://montana.edu/wwwhd/family/ f1195res.html Keri Smith CFD335-Booth Stepfamilies: Economic Factors

Interpersonal Communication Essay

In the healthiest of environments, people advance from ‘relationship’ to ‘engaged’ status because two people have mutually acknowledged each other, have common understandings, and act with the other person’s concerns in mind. A relationship, be it for marriage, friends or business, requires a domain of actions and an assessment that your partner is worth trust because they act with the intention to take care and not betray shared concerns. One of those elements is the interpersonal communication between the people in the relationship. When communicating effectively, there is a behavioral coordination that results from the coupling between two people in such a way that the relationship can limit the drift of day-to-day life, and move with effective communication practices that will address fundamental concerns. The bedrock of effective interpersonal communication is to first know who ‘you’ are. Review and understanding of your self-concept, self-image, self-esteem, and personality will allow for greater spaces for possibility to understand the same elements of your partner. Interpersonal communication involves both verbal and nonverbal communication and both of these communication types can be expressed in a variety of different ways. One aspect to clearly understand is that communication is complex because it involves two or more people to be in a dance of coordinated action that will take care of concerns and/or fulfill the narrative of the future. Communication is also continuous; to be most effective in the domain of interpersonal communication there is a requirement of recurrence, recursion  and reciprocation. Communication is also dynamic in that the action requires the embodiment of practices that allow you to transform between public, private and behavioral queues with your significant other. Equally important to remember is the misconception that communication cannot transform interpretation. Languaging is a linguistic coordination of linguistic coordination’s, a domain of descriptions of descriptions that refer back to themselves for meaning. Our classroom text asserts that we cannot exactly repeat something we have said in the past. Even if our words are the same – the tome of voice and other characteristics such as posturing and tone will differ- and the listener will also have a different impression (sole, K. 2011). Communication is also irreversible in that we cannot take back our words once spoken. This is why it is very important to be conscious of what you are saying in moments of anger when you might say something that you may later regret. The harmonious combination of two different points of view can certainly be viewed as a barrier to effective interpersonal communication because balance between the two is not always achieved. Common communication problems in relationships are assessed as: 1) Silence or refusal to speak; 2) giving into the other person at a cost of self or the relationship (also known as placating); and 3) psychological requests or reports – which is essentially the announcement of a feeling, emotion, or state of being without any commitment to act from the assessment produced an/or speaking without regard for the truth to fulfill a concealed agenda. Let’s face it – the silent treatment is more often than not a way of inflicting pain on the other person, or to get them as angry or disappointed as you are. Either way, there are no good outcomes possible for effectiveness to be achieved. Giving in to your significant others demands can defuse a negative situation, however, over the long term you can loose who your ‘self’ is and the foundation of the relationship can begin to become eroded. Visions of virtues, what is a good life, beliefs, and what is important for being taken care of can be lost subconsciously without you even knowing it when you give into placating. The last of the three barriers mentioned is psychological warfare. This could be sabotage born out of feelings of resignation, despair, boredom, resentment, distrust, confusion, being overwhelmed, and skepticism. It is important to try and be a third party observer of your moods because they color your outlook about your relationship and the world over extended periods of time. Moments of perturbation should be discussed with your partner in the moment or soon after so that bottled up aggression does not have the opportunity to morph into something much worse in the future such as ‘playing games’. As reviewed in chapter three of our classroom text, what you perceive in the world depends on what you pay attention to (Sole, K. 2011). With acceptance of this assertion then it is easier to understand how you organize and interpret what you perceive, and the framework of your emotions take place. Always remember that emotions are specific ungrounded assessments that live in our bodies for only a short period of time as feelings and thoughts. The perception of your partner may differ from your own; in fact, it most likely does because you both have had two different journeys throughout life from birth to the present moment. It is important to remember that emotions are the result of perturbations of our nervous system and provide automatic and ungrounded assessments about the world because as reviewed earlier, our individual ‘worlds’ are made up of only what we are paying attention to. Some emotions are inherited genetically and some are learned. Emotions though, only tell us how we ‘feel’; not the ‘truth’. With this in mind we can begin to understand then to be careful to know the difference between stating a ‘truth’ to our partner and making an ‘assertion’. With interpersonal relationships it is important to be aware of our emotions and how they affect the people around us, including our significant others. Non-verbal communication is defined as communication of a message without words, which means that it encompasses a wide range of vocal and visual signs and behaviors (Sole, K. 2011). Throughout your relationship you will  express yourself not only with your voice or with a pen, but also with eyes, facial expressions and body posturing. When listening to your significant other it is recommended to be aware of your body posture; the technical term for this is called kinesics. For example, sometimes there is no greater expression of affection for someone than the embrace of a hug or putting your arm around them (Burgoon, Buller, Woodall, 1996). As time goes on most partners begin to pick up on what the other is thinking without even speaking through non-verbal communication habits. For example, my fiancà ©e figured out that whenever I rub my eye with my index finger by putting pressure in corner of eye, I am in a mood of frustration or anger; and I never realized I did that till she pointed it out to me! Emotional Intelligence, also known as EI, is a reference to the capacity that someone has to understand, communicate, and manage emotions; and further the ability to understand and respond to the feelings of others (Sole, K. 2011). This is an especially powerful element to successful relationships because it expands the different possibilities for thinking and actions that a couple can take throughout a lifetime together. EI is a reference that someone has a background of listening taking place where future possibilities are being listened to, even while declarations for thinking or acting have taken, or are taking place. Take the various moods of yourself and your significant other for example. The understanding of moods can help in managing conflicts with one another. Moods color a persons point of view about life for periods of time and have body postures associated with it. If you see your significant other standing with their arms crossed and eyebrows bent while eyes are starring at you like daggers, then you may not need them to say that they are frustrated because you can interpret that with your level of emotional intelligence. A submission from my own meandering experience on like is to recognize the difference between the things you can, and the things you cannot change in life. Do your best to let go of negative thoughts and change negative interpretations. If your significant other is not able to spend a lot of time with you because of the amount of time you work for example, then  instead of ‘getting down’ on it be thankful that you get to end the day with him or her, and that they are ambitious instead of lazy. Another broad suggestion that does not encompass a specific situation would be to stay away from â€Å"I† statements. Our text for the class uses a great example for this. Instead of â€Å"you make me so angry sometimes† TRY: â€Å"I am so angry with you sometimes†. It shows that you are taking ownership for your own emotions and are describing a behavior instead of simply acting on it without thinking the situation through. CLOSING: The bedrock of effective interpersonal communication is to first know who ‘you’ are. Review and understanding of your self-concept, self-image, self-esteem, and personality will allow for greater spaces for possibility to understand the same elements of your partner. References Bower, B. (2010, November). Shared talking styles herald new and lasting romance. U.S. News & World Report, 1. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global on July 22, 2011. Document ID:2223940991 NARA SCHOENBERG. (2011, February 6). Can we talk? Researcher talks about the role of communication in marriages. Houston Chronicle,p. 7. Retrieved July 28, 2011, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 2260839481). Nathan Miczo, Chris Segrin, & Lisa E Allspach. (2001). Relationship between nonverbal sensitivity, encoding, and relational satisfaction. Communication Reports, 14(1), 39-48. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from Research Library. (Document ID: 72022836). Preston, P. (2005). Nonverbal communication: Do you reallynsay what you mean? Journal of Healthcare Management, 50(2), 83-6. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global. Document ID: 814698921 Sole, K. (2011). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communication. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. (https://content.ashford.edu)

Modern Day Frankenstein

In this article, I am to create a whole new version of Frankenstein from the old version made by Shelley.Dr. Baltus Crane is a genius genetic doctor; he is a member of the genetic scientists who makes researches about developing human clones. It was a life of fame for him being such part of the organization but he chose to part from it because the other members could not agree with his idea of making a clone complete human-like creature.  This idea came up to him because of his observation that clones are just a machine or robot-like things which will genetically inherit a cloned person’s genetic composition.Dr Crane started to do his project isolating himself on a far island, he made his research about how human show emotion and how they express affection to make a clone perfectly human. The later genetic doctor created his called â€Å"obra†Ã‚  Ã‚   with the help of his best friend Gene.  Through out the scientific invention, Dr Crane made sure that the clone†™s brain is totally developed as to function for executing commands and to know how to express emotions. The clone was named Genin which is an abbreviation for the word genetic invention; Genin is indeed perfect for Dr Crane because she is able to act as a solid human without any clue that she was just a clone.After the long span of time that Dr Crane is far away from home, he then decided to visit his left family and stay for a while leaving his scientific product alone in the island. He went home to see his family and his wife but as he was to knock the door, no one opened. He entered his home to find out that his wife Sarah is already dead; was killed by a weird woman whom they have not yet seen before.  Dr Crane decided to go back to the island since there is no longer a reason for him to stay in their home because his wife was already dead. His best friend Gene was always there to console him and give him the support he needed. They both went back to the island seeing Genin waiting for them at the front yard. Genin seeing the two together acting like couples made her mad so she went inside of the house.Dr Crane started to busy himself for new further genetic researches and lost his time to give Genin the attention she wanted from her creator. Genin was then jealous of Gene who’s the only one allowed of disturbing Crane. She always watches them as they burn themselves out working hard for the new research but then she can no longer hold her temper.Genin will kill Gene the day that Dr Crane get out of the house to do an important work in the city, after killing Gene, Genin decided to acquire her freedom. Wondering in the city, Genin thought of how much her creator meant to her that she could not stand seeing him with another woman or not seeing him at all and so she decided to go back to him.Dr Crane was captured accusing him to be responsible for the death of his best friend Gene who was found dead at his laboratory. Right then Crane ought to fi nd and destroy his invention to stop the crime earlier.  In the city, Crane saw Genin wondering around watching the city lights and approached her, seemingly innocent, Genin admitted what she had done and why she had done such thing to the women that her creator so loved.Crane realized that his creation was indeed almost perfect because she acts like a woman or a real person and she can express emotions but then she was not initialized regarding moralities and how to control her self in relation to her emotions. Because Dr Crane had no choice, he let out the knife he hid inside his pocket and stabbed Genin’s heart the moment she was close to him. Before Genin totally loss her breath, she told his creator that she was thankful he made her and that she was able to feel that she is a human even for a while.Crane was taken to jail and acquired a severe illness that caused him to suffer and eventually died; he admitted that he killed his created clone but still stand out that he was innocent about his best friend’s death.  The police conducted an investigation in Dr. Crane’s laboratory finding his diary into where he wrote all the details in his life regarding his works and other genetic researches.Explanation:In this story, Victor Frankenstein was depicted in the role of Dr. Baltus Crane wherein the monster-like that he created was a clone named Genin. Genin in this story depicts Frankenstein who killed Sarah as Baltus’ wife or in the story of Frankenstein was William who in the story is victor’s brother. The character that depicts Victor’s friend Henry was characterized as Gene in this story.  The central crime that will cause the two characters to be murdered by the clone is the jealousy that the clone felt whenever a certain woman gets closer to the doctor.This story could shock the readers by simply thinking if it is really possible to create a human clone that will definitely be like a perfect human-like being. It can also shock the readers through the question; is it possible to train a clone regarding how to feel certain emotions and showing of affection which will make them indistinguishable from a real human to a man-made man?  Since there is no witness left to tell the story and evidence are the only things left, it would be necessary to have a narrator in this story.ReferenceShelley, M. (1818). Frankenstein [Electronic Version] from http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/frankenstein/facts.html.

Research Paper on Jesus Christ

Research Paper on Jesus Christ When studying the synoptic Gospels it becomes quite apparent that God is eager to establish a personal, loving relationship with all people through His Son, Jesus Christ. And Jesus is patiently waiting for all the people of the earth to accept His invitation: â€Å"I have been standing at the door and I am constantly knocking. If anyone hears me calling him and opens the door, I will come in and have fellowship with him, and he with me.† (Rev. 3:20) This passage illustrates Jesus as a door through which we all must enter. And also that Jesus is willing to accept all people who turn to Him. Man or woman, rich or poor, empowered or enslaved, Jesus was sent here by God so that anyone who hears His message and believes in Him will be saved. One of the key points of Jesus’ ministry was how the Kingdom of God is accessible to all people. This underlying theme is especially apparent in parables like â€Å"The Good Samaritan†, â€Å"A Lost Sheep†, and â€Å"A Lost Son†. These parables are used to explain how Samaritans, the lost, and sinners all can find their way back to God, and how they will be greeted and embraced by a loving Jesus. These stories illustrate one of Jesus’ main teachings, that all people who have faith in Him, will be accepted and embraced by God in heaven. Jesus accepted all different types of people to be a part of His table fellowship. Many of His early followers were Gentiles, women, sinners, and tax collectors. The Pharisees often tried to call Jesus on this fact, asking him why he would surround himself with such people if he were truly the Son of God. Jesus replied to them, well people do not need medicine, but those who are sick do. Jesus Christ is willing to accept all people regardless of their sins. That is why He visited the home of the hated tax collector and promises eternal life to the dying criminal. Jesus is forgiving, and loving, and he came to save all the people of the world. Even before Jesus’ birth, John the Baptist was announcing Jesus’ coming as, â€Å"Here is the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world† (John 1:29). Again Jesus’ universality is proved, it is the sin of the world that John the Baptist mentions, not the sin of the Jews. Through the constant usage of â€Å"the world† in these bible scriptures it becomes even more evident that Jesus Christ was sent to â€Å"the world†; to be a Savior and a Redeemer for both the Jews and the Gentiles. Jesus Christ broadened God’s acceptance of people. These new Christians, did not need to become Jewish, or obey â€Å"the law† in order to be accepted as a Christian, rather all they had to do was accept that Jesus was Christ and Lord, and that he died to redeem the world of its sins. This is the key to finding salvation in Christianity. Jesus’ sermon, which appears in two Gospels make it clear that all people are blessed. It is notable the both the â€Å"poor† and â€Å"the poor in spirit† are mentioned. In Luke’s Gospel it meant the materialistic definition of the term, but in other Gospel refers to the â€Å"poor in spirit† meaning the Jews. The monotheistic people that still only believe in God, and not Jesus, and this makes them poor ideologically. But yet, this sermon goes on to bless all the different types of people, especially those who have had a hard life. Jesus is saying to have faith in God as He knows your needs and your troubles, and all will be taken care of in the Kingdom of God. This theme that was recurrent throughout Jesus’ life and ministry becomes even more apparent after His crucifixion and resurrection. It is the resurrected Jesus who sends out the disciples with the Word for all the nations to hear. The Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke all close with Jesus sending His disciples on a mission. Luke’s gospel concludes that â€Å"All people of every nation must be told in My name†. Mark’s Gospel closes with â€Å"Go and preach the good news to everyone in the world. Anyone who believeth in me and is baptized will be saved†. Matthew quotes the risen Jesus as saying, â€Å"I have been given all authority in Heaven and on Earth! Go to the people of all nations and make them my disciples†. When considering the repetition and placement of these verses within each Gospels , the main theme of both Jesus’ message becomes strikingly evident. Even the resurrected Jesus was concerned with saving the world. And that i s why He sent out the disciples to all the nations. After the crucifixion and resurrection, the Holy Spirit was sent to the Apostles. This Spirit was always present to remind the disciples that Jesus came to save both the Jews and the Gentiles, and that God wants people from every nation and race to become His children. The work of the Holy Spirit is especially apparent in Acts, when Phillip took Jesus’ message to Samaria for the first time, and also in the conversion of Cornelius, a captain from the Roman army. Who has an encounter with the â€Å"Holy Spirit† he was blinded for three days, upon regaining his sight he knew the truth. Jesus Christ’s message has now spanned the globe. All countries, all nationalities have now heard the Word of God. Christianity has become one of the most dominant religions in the world, and the time for the Kingdom of God draws near. After studying the Gospels it becomes apparent that God wants all His children to come home, and so He made obtaining this redemption easily accessible for all people. To obtain God’s love one must first realize that Jesus Christ is God’s only provision for man’s sin. It is only through Jesus, that one can come to know God personally, and experience God’s love. Every person must individually receive Jesus Christ through faith as Savior and Lord: it is only then that one comes to know God personally and experience His love; a love that through Jesus Christ was extended to all the people of the world. Despite Jesus’ love being so easily obtainable, many people do not accept Him as the â€Å"Son of God†. Most of these people believe Jesus to be a great moral teacher, but do not accept the divinity of his claim. They do not believe, because they have no faith. This is increasing evident in our modernized technological society. Faith has been traded for science. This is even noticeable in our current dating system. For two thousand years, the humankind used B.C. and A.D. as a timeline for the world. It was only recently that it was changed to the less secular C.E. (common era) and BCE (before common era). These latter terms could almost be considered blasphemous from a Christian perspective. This dating system was not made simply to show the year of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, but to illustrate that Jesus Christ was the most important man that ever lived, and that his very presence renewed the world. The life and death of Jesus was the basis for our calendar system for over two millenniums, and now Jesus life and message has been forgotten by so many. With the Christmas Season swiftly approaching, people’s lack of faith becomes ever more apparent. Most of the western world still celebrates this holiday, and it is still marked on calendars by its traditional name â€Å"Christmas†, but the true meaning of this holiday has been long forgotten over the years. It is a holiday that had originally celebrated the birth of â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth†, â€Å"The Christ†. There were festive songs that rejoiced in His name, â€Å"Hark, the Herald angels sings, Glory to the new born King†. But most of these traditions have come to pass. In Canada, due to our embracement of multiculturalism we have destroyed our national religion, Jesus’ religion. Some people are willing to accept some aspects of Christmas, just not the divinity of the holiday. And thanks to political correctness no one wants to offend these people, for example, the Canadian Postal Service is no longer calling December 25th â€Å"Christma s†, but rather now have it advertised as â€Å"The Day of Giving†. Day of Giving! And this is from a crown corporation. This is evident even more locally with the McKenzie Art Gallery’s Festival, in which they open refuted not to mention the word Christmas, but rather celebrated the Holiday Season. The western world has made a full circle with the acceptance and rejection of Jesus Christ. More people are denying him than ever before. Jesus Christ is for all. This question has been repeatedly answered through Jesus’ life, ministry and message. The question that should really be asked is â€Å"Is there anyone for Jesus?† And how do these people who have turned their back on Jesus think they will be recognized in Heaven? If you’ve never called on Jesus name, then why should He know yours. The people of the world must realize that Jesus is â€Å"the way, the truth and the life; no one comes to the Father but through me’. All that people must do is accept Jesus into their lives, it makes so much sense in our present day world, a world filled with contempt, with greed, and with faithlessness, to turn away from technology and look back unto faith for the answers of this life. As it is only through this faith that people will realize that the story of Jesus of Nazareth is true, and that he died for all of us. He died so that all people: the young and the old, the sick and the healthy, the ric h and the poor would all have a place in the Kingdom of God.

Chinese Gender Imbalance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Gender Imbalance - Research Paper Example The implementation of one-child policy in China reduced the population into 1.3 billion after nearly 30 years. Government officials consider strict family planning policies as essential for economic growth of the country. This policy is accompanied by vigorous campaigns emphasizing the need for individual sacrifice for collective good (Stein, 1995, p. 31). China became one of the largest economies worldwide due to its effective implementation of policies (Chang, 2008, p. 10). However, China’s one-child policy currently threatens the gender balance of the country. Zhang Weiqing, â€Å"National Population and Family Planning Commission† Minister, stresses the intention of the country to implement this policy (as cited in Chang, 2008, p. 10). This paper aims to highlight the relationship between population and gender in China. It outlines how the government’s effort to reduce the country’s population leads to gender imbalance. The paper thoroughly explores the one-child policy and how it contributed to gender imbalance. In addition, it highlights the couple’s preference for a son as a mediating variable in the relationship between population and gender. Lastly, the paper outlines the adverse effects of gender imbalance.

Technology of the future Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Technology of the future - Research Paper Example Another such implementation will occur in terms of spray-on nano computers. This technology will function as miniscule robots will be sprayed onto the chests of patients. These robots will then be able to record the patient’s health and allow doctors to monitor patients with specific areas of concern. Other prominent computer technology is understood to emerge in terms of quantum computers and artificial intelligence. In these regards, it’s noted that, â€Å"A quantum computer uses quantum mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition to process data. Quantum computation aims to use the quantum properties of particles to represent and structure data† (Herzog). While quantum technology has already been implemented in a variety of computers, future contexts will be able to implement this technology to much greater extremes. In these regards future quantum technology will allow for the running of a myriad of simulations that will revolutionize the way s that agencies and institutions approach a variety of concerns. In addition such quantum technology can be utilized in processes such as cryptography, modeling and indexing large databases. Artificial intelligence is also believed to have great future potential. While the potential for future artificial intelligence is truly endless researchers have identified a number of specific areas of future development. One of the prominent areas includes gaming technology. Currently artificial intelligence is implemented prominently in a variety of gaming technological devices, both recreationally, as well as for real-world civil and military simulations (Brockman). Future technological contexts will witness... The paper tells that the late 20th century and early 21st century have witnessed rapid progress in terms of computer technology. While significant development has occurred in previous decades it’s clear that substantial change await future contexts. Some of the most prominent areas of development are believed to occur in terms of nanotechnology. There is a broad variety of communication technology that will be implemented in future contexts. Still, a number of notable future communication technologies are currently being developed. In these regards, technology is being developed wherein stolen cell-phones or computers will be able to map the walking habits of the use. Some of the most prominent such changes will occur through reductions in emissions. In terms of alternative energy sources, currently hybrid and electric technology has emerged. Still the most prominent future alternative energy source is argued to be hydrogen fuel cells. The potentials of space technology are a large and well-considered topic. In terms of some of the most sensational and romantic areas of potential future technological advancement include commercial space flights. Currently Virgin Airline CEO Sir Richard Branson has developed Virgin Galactic as a means of developing such commercial transportation. The revolutionary device of the gene chip is regarded one of the most important future benefits of the human genome project. Scientists will be able to utilize this chip to identify specific areas of genetic distress; the chip lights up and indicates these areas.

Hypothesis Testin Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothesis Testin Paper - Essay Example It is a hypothesis which states that there is no difference between the procedures and is denoted by H0. The following test of hypothesis can be conducted from the table above: Test Statistic: It is the random variable X whose value is tested to arrive at a decision. The Central Limit Theorem states that for large sample sizes (n > 30) drawn randomly from a population, the distribution of the means of those samples will approximate normality, even when the data in the parent population are not distributed normally. A z statistic is usually used for large sample sizes (n > 30), but often large samples are not easy to obtain, in which case the t-distribution can be used. The population standard deviation s is estimated by the sample standard deviation, s. Rejection Region: It is the part of the sample space (critical region) where the null hypothesis H0 is rejected. The size of this region is determined by the probability (a) of the sample point falling in the critical region when H0 is true. a is also known as the level of significance, the probability of the value of the random variable falling in the critical region. Also it should be noted that the term "Statistical significance" refers only to the rejection of a null hypothesis at some level a. It implies only that the observed difference between the sample statistic and the mean of the sampling distribution did not occur by chance alone. The critical t value is obtained according to the degrees of freedom The resulting t test values are shown in this table: t-test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances Upstream Downstream Mean 6.6539 8.6874 Variance 0.2124 0.2988 Observations 10 10 Pooled Variance 0.2556 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 Degrees of freedom

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism Essay The prominant criticism of Utilitarianism is that it is extremely hard to predict the results of an action. The outcomes of all situations are hard to predict, so how can we possibly apply the rule of the greatest happiness for the greatest number if we do not know who will benefit most? It is also difficult to decide whether an outcome is morally good or bad. People have contrasting opinions on what they think is right or wrong and it depends on the individual who is making the decision. This causes problems because a thing that is good to one person may at the same time be bad to another, One mans happiness is another mans pain. Without an absolute definition of happiness, it is hard to arrive at a right decision. Another problem of Utilitarianism is the concept of time. Is long term or short term pleasure more valuable? For example, when deciding whether to take an ecstasy tablet at a club. Taking the pill may give you a lot of short-term pleasure, but in the long term, it may cause more harm than good. Not taking the tablet would involve fewer risks and would avoid potential pain. Even here, you cannot predict the results of your decision, as there is no way of telling the effect the ecstasy has on you until you have tried it. Not only is it hard to tell what will be the consequences in the long run, but it is hard to define the time period of the long run to begin with. A particular problem with Utilitarianism stands out to me that totally immoral acts can be justified if they are seen to benefit the greatest number of people. For example In the early 1800s in South America, slave labour took place because it was seen to produce the most amount of good for the most amount of people. Slavery was an efficient way for Southern farmers to produce goods at a cheap price and these goods brought a lot of pleasure to a great amount of people. On the other hand, the slaves suffered terribly and had to endure vast amounts of pain and torture. Nevertheless the most amount of good was produced and enjoyed by the most amount of people through slavery therefore satisfying the principle of Utility. This example clearly shows how utilitarianism can cause injustice and the denial of human rights. The theory disregards motivation and goodwill, says that the majority is always right and Does not protect the innocent minorities. John Rawls agreed with this weakness. He argued that utilitarianism is too impersonal. In its pursuit of the greater good, it disregards the rights of individuals. He said that Utilitarianism could therefore be used to promote a dictatorship, in which decisions were made to over-ride the interests of the individual in favour of the greater good of society. Despite all the arguments against Utilitarianism, there are some valid points for the theory. It is widely accepted throughout the world as many countries run by means of democracy. Our political leaders are elected through the ballot box, the majority overriding the minority. This however does not automatically mean that they are the most suited people for the job. Utilitarianism also allows people to contemplate the situation before making the decision. This time prevents people from making hasty, unethical decisions, as it encourages thought before action. The aim of the theory is to produce happiness and pleasure. These are two desirable things as Utilitarianism says that pleasure is the sole good and pain is the sole evil, Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters-pleasure and pain. Supporters of the theory would argue that promoting pleasure must be a good thing as most people see pleasure as desirable over pain. They would also say that the intention of Utilitarianism was not to create immorality but to please to maximum number of people possible Surely it is better for a hundred people to be happy than five? Another good aspect of Utilitarianism is that it has one simple absolute, which can be applied to all situations with a positive outcome. In times of difficulty, it eases people out of difficult situations, as they cannot be blamed for making the wrong decision if they claim it was for the happiness of the majority. Any prejudices the decision maker may hold are eradicated in Utilitarianism, as they have to stick to the main rule. There is also some flexibility for emotions in moral decision making according to Rule Utilitarianism. This part of the theory allows respect for the rules that are created to better our society although even these rules do not have to be kept all the time if you are a weak utilitarian which poses problems over what the theory really is. Utilitarianism is a theory that Christians can relate to. Mill brought it closer to the Christian church by introducing Rule Utilitarianism. This would be closer to the principals Jesus lived by. For example, it was against the Jewish law to work on the Sabbath but when people were in need, Jesus bent this rule and healed them. The largest connection Christianity has with Utilitarianism is the death of Jesus. He was crucified and died for the sins of mankind, sacrificing himself for the majority. However, Utilitarianism does accept evil where Christianity most certainly does not.

Impact of Information Technology on the Military

Impact of Information Technology on the Military LT MUHAMMAD AMIRUL ZIKRI BIN TUMPANG IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE ROYAL ARMOUR CORPS IT, stands for Information Technology, and is pronounced I.T. It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies. Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other related occupations. Since we live in the information age, information technology has become a part of our everyday lives. That means the term IT, already highly overused, is here to stay. What is information? This is processed data with a meaning or an organized, meaningful and useful interpretation of data. And what is technology? Technology is humans using objects (tools, machines, systems, and materials) to change the natural and human-made environment. Technology has always been an important part of war. Today, with information technology situated as the defining technology of our age it should be no surprise that IT (information technology) is a central part of war making. In fact, the US military has officially determined that information is the main force multiplier in battle, more important than numerical superiority or force of fire, the old standards. This is because, in the US militarys view, we now have the information technologies that cannot just make a crucial difference in battle, in terms of precision weapons, intelligence, and command and control, but that these technologies might actually allow the fog (uncertainly) of war to be dispelled so that total, almost painless victories, might be won against many opponents. The aim of this paper is to explain the impact of information technology to the Royal Armour Corps and does it giving any advantages to the corps. Before we go any further on this topic, we need to know the history of this information technology. Information technology has been around from a long, long time ago. Basically as long as people have been around, information technology has been around because there were always a lot of ways to communicate through technology available at that point in time. There are four main ages that divided up the history of information technology. Only the latest age (electronic) and some of electromechanical age really affects us today, but it is important for us to learn about how we got to the point we are at with today technologies. There are four stages revolution on the information technology: a. Premechanical b. Mechanical c. Electromechanical d. Electronic The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology development. It can be defined as time in between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D. We are talking about a long, long time ago. Humans first started communicating between each other using language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyphs which were usually carved on the rock. Early alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet. As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down, pens and paper began to be developed by humans. In the early, it started off as just marks in wet clay, but later on paper was created out of the papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper produced is probably made by the Chinese who made it out of rags. Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it in a permanent storage. This is when the first books and libraries are developed between those times. You have probably heard about the Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways to write down information to save. Some groups of people actually binding all the paper together into a book-like form. The first numbering system used is during this period of times. Around 100 A.D. was when the first 1 to 9 system was created by people from the India. However, it was not until 875 A.D. (775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And now that numbers were created, people wanted stuff to do with them so they created the calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an information processor known. The popular model of calculator during that time was the abacus. The mechanical age is when we first start to relate the connections between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 A.D. and 1840 A.D. A lot of new technologies are developed as there is a large explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog computer used for multiplying and dividing numbers) were created. Blaise Pascal has invented the Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer during that time. Charles Babbage has developed the difference engine which can tabulate polynomial equations using the method of finite differences. There were lots of different machines created during that period of times and while we have not yet gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our modern-day calculators, we are still learning on about how all of our all-in-one machines started from the beginning. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented during that era compared to the power behind them it seems (to us) that it is absolutely ridiculous to understand why anybody would want to use them, but to all the people living in that time, ALL of these inventions were HUGE. Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day technology nowadays. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 A.D. and 1940 A.D. These are the beginnings of the telecommunication. The telegraph system was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in the 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication ever made) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in the 1876. The first ever radio were developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that have led us to a big advance in the information technology field. The first large-scale automatic digital computer ever in the United States was the Mark 1 computer created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons; it is totally HUGE and heavy. It was programmed by using punch cards. How does your PC today match up to this hunk of metal? It was from these huge machines that people began to look at downsizing all of the parts available to first make them usable by businesses and eventually in your own home. The electronic age is what we currently live in nowadays. It can be defined as the time between the 1940 until now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer that capable to be reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army for the artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1 taking around 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons. It mainly used the vacuum tubes to do its calculations. There are 4 main sections on digital computing. The first was the era of using vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for the internal storage. The second generation replaced the vacuum tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with the magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage of the computers. Also during this time, a high-level programming language was created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced the transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was still used throughout all computers, and the magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system was showed up during this time along with the BASIC advanced programming language. The fourth and latest generation has brought in the CPUs (central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and the control circuits all on a single chip. The personal computer was devel oped then (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was also developed. There is a lot more happened to all of these generations and ages but all we need to know is a just a rough overview on this. There are several characteristic of good information and technology. The following are all the characteristics. Good information: It has to be accurate Must be relevant to basic purposes Complete in respect to the key elements of the problem It has to be Timely (should be communicated in time to be used ) It has to be consistent and reliable It has to be Up-to-date Easy to understand It has to be tailored to the needs of managers and end users. Technology: Technology is human knowledge Technology uses tools, materials and systems. Its application will result into artifacts (human-made things ) Technology is developed by people to modify their environment. Information technology is important in the military operation including the Royal Armour Corps. These technologies convenience are connecting the commander and their subordinates. The connection is very important since both of them needs to communicate between each other to locate the position of the enemy, their own location, a place to make a hide and other information that they need to know and acknowledge. For the improvements that Malaysian Army had done for the Royal Armour Corps is the new installments of the SOTAS. It stands for Signal On Board Two Wire Audio System. This radio advantages is that it have a crystal clear communications, the size, weight and power that can be produced by this radio, the interoperability of the radio and many other feature that can gives us a boost for using it. SOTAS consists of a family of modular components that can be assembled and called to create perfectly fitting configurations for all vehicle types and missions. A light vehicles intercom only requires a single SOTAS unit. Larger and more complex systems are created by adding User Stations, Network Nodes, software packages and hardware option modules. Other than the SOTAS unit, Malaysian Army have made an upgrades for the PT-91M (Pendekar) tank by equipping it with a Battlefield Managements System. The key features of this new system is that it provides automatized reporting and graphical orders dissemination, integrated to secure data communications, IP interfaces for other communications media, peripheral interface for sensor displays. The capabilities for Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition are also the main key features that made Malaysia to buy the systems. The main characteristics of this systems is the integrated vehicular station for sharing situational awareness, can adapt and customize functionalities to roles and missions, scalable from battalion to dismounted soldier and mission preparation package with relevant cartography tools. The growth improvements of these information technologies have lead us to a new stage of warfare which is the information warfare. Most modern political and military C2 systems are based on high speed communications and computers. It follows that this information infrastructure, also known as an infosphere, will be the arena in which information warfare is waged. Any system or person who participates in the C2 process will be a potential target in an IW campaign. All of the countries have improved their information technology systems just to compete with other armed forces to secure their communications and prevents others from sabotaging it. Information warfare, simply put, is an orchestrated effort to achieve victory by subverting or neutralizing an enemy command and control (C2) system, while protecting use of C2 systems to coordinate the actions of friendly forces. A successful IW campaign seizes initiative from an enemy commander; the IW campaign allows allied forces to operate at a much higher tempo than an enemy can react to. The threat that already being posed by other countries is significantly high, since they have a far more advanced technology such as the ability to jam the communication by using aircraft as for the EA-6B Prowler. The aircraft is the primary tactical jamming aircraft of the US Navy, US Air Force and the US Marine Corps. So we need a prevention action from this kind of jamming method so that our information is not cut out and can be secured. Information is very important for the military since it can immobilize the entire forces down. Without the importance of information technology awareness, we will always take it for granted and not looking this as a major threat. While other countries have taken a big steps in improving their information and communications security. They have seen this problem as a major threat that can jeopardize their operations if they make it vulnerable to others and to let others take advantages of it. Information Warfare has significant implications for modern military theory. Under Information Warfare, the enemy soldier no longer constitutes a major target. It will focus on preventing the enemy soldier from talking to his commander. Without coordinated action, an enemy force becomes an unwieldy mob, and a battle devolves to a crowd-control issue. In the not too distant future, computer weapon systems will conduct software strikes against the enemy infosphere to disrupt command and control. Targets will be chosen for military, political or economic significance. IW opens new doors throughout the spectrum of conflict to achieve tactical, operational and strategic objectives. Malaysian Army needs to make their information security is at a high level just to prevent the enemy from taking an advantages from our communications problems. References: http://www.iwar.org.uk/iwar/resources/airchronicles/crawford.htm https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/fol_0260_05_12_sotas.pdf https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/canada/defence/tactical-battlefield-management-systems-t-bms-commnder http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/prowler/ http://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/ar25-1.pdf http://www.useoftechnology.com/importance-functions-information-technology/